Sintesis biodisel dengan teknik ozonasi : ozonolisis etil-ester minyak sawit sebagai suatu bahan bakar mesin diesel alternatif

Setijo Bismo

Abstract


Conventional biodiesel synthesis through transesterification reaction pathway of the palm oil or other vegetable oils has been regarded yet as a steep process,  mainly to be implemented as fuel for  various diesel engines in Indonesia. The methanol consumption for  such process  is still  costly  as well, especially 2-3 times of free fatty acid (FFA) molar amount, which is dangerous as methanol being classified as hazardous chemicals, while the yield of palm oil methyl ester (POME) is just  70%­ volume roughly. The ozonide biodiesel synthesis is considered as a better alternative, which is quasi­-parallel ozonolysis reaction application in the conventional transesterification schema using ethanol to produce  ozonide biodiesel or ozonide methyl-ester.  The ozone gas being applied to the process is produced in situ by an ozone generator apparatus, using fresh and purified air as oxygen source, with about 5,5 g/h ozone production at 400-800 L/h air or feed flowrate. The ozonide biodiesel is favorable to ethanol (96 %-v) being used as reactant and or protic solvent than methanol, even using catalyst (zeolite/GAC) or not, at 55-72ºC and atmospheric condition. The ethanol utilization may be saved until 31,15-39,85 %-mol of conventional biodiesel process. The results obtained from the investigations give some interesting characteristics comparing to diesel fuel in Indonesia, especially better values of cetane index, BHP and torque.

Keywords: Palm Oil, Biodiesel, Methyl Ester, Ethyl Ester, Ozonide, Ozonolysis

 

Abstrak

Reaksi transesterifikasi yang diterapkan untuk sintesis biodiesel dari minyak sawit ataupun minyak­ minyak nabati lainnya dianggap belum memberikan perolehan yang ekonomis untuk pengadaan bahan bakar untuk mesin-mesin diesel di Indonesia. Penggunaan metanol sebesar 2-3 kali jumlah molar asam-asam lemak bebasnya (ALB) adalah tidak ekonomis sekaligus berbahaya mengingat sifatnya sebagai  bahan kimia beracun dan berbahaya (B3), sedangkan perolehan metil ester dari minyak saw it atau Palm Oil Methyl Ester (POME) hanya sekitar 70 %-v. Sintesis biodiesel ozonida dianggap sebagai alternatif yang lebih baik, yaitu aplikasi reaksi ozonolisis secara kuasi paralel dalam reaksi transesterifikasi tersebut menggunakan etanol, sehingga dihasilkan biodiesel atau etil­ester ozonida. Ozon yang digunakan merupakan produk in situ dari ozonator dengan bahan baku udara, pada laju produksi ozon sekitar 5,5 gram/jam dengan alir udara umpan 400-800 L/jam. Sintesis biodiesel ozonida ini lebih menyukai etanol (96%-v) sebagai pelarut protik dibandingkan dengan metanol, baik menggunakan katalis (zeolit/GAC) maupun tanpa katalis, pada suhu 55-72ºC dan tekanan atmosferik. Penggunaan etanol dapat dihemat sampai sekitar 31,15-39,85 %-mol dari jumlah yang diperlukan untuk sintesis biodiesel konvensional. Dari hasil uji kinerja produk biodiesel ozonidanya, didapatkan informasi tentang indeks setana, daya, dan torsi yang lebih baik dari minyak solar di Indonesia.

Kata Kunci: Minyak Sawit, Biodiesel, Metil Ester, Etil Ester, Ozonida, Ozonolisis


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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2005.4.1.7

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